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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.10.2010.tde-24092012-163433
Document
Author
Full name
Thais Andrade Costa Casagrande
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2010
Supervisor
Committee
Matera, Julia Maria (President)
Dagli, Maria Lucia Zaidan
Fukumasu, Heidge
Stopiglia, Angelo João
Wouk, Antonio Felipe Paulino de Figueiredo
Title in Portuguese
Avaliação de indicadores de prognóstico para mastocitoma canino: estudo clínico-cirúrgico, histológico, imunoistoquímico, estereológico e de expressão gênica
Keywords in Portuguese
C-kit
Estereologia
Graduação histopatológica
Ki-67
PCR em tempo real
Tumor de mastócitos
Abstract in Portuguese
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os indicadores de prognóstico para o mastocitoma canino, na tentativa de melhorar o tratamento oferecido aos animais acometidos por esta neoplasia. Foram analisados os parâmetros clínicos dos animais e do mastocitoma, parâmetros de evolução da doença e parâmetros histológicos, imunoistoquímicos, estereológicos e de expressão gênica. Para isso, 81 cães portadores de mastocitoma cutâneo foram submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica para excisão dos tumores. Após a operação os cães foram acompanhados e avaliados por um período mínimo de 12 meses para a colheita de dados sobre a evolução. Os tumores foram graduados por histopatologia, tiveram seus bordos investigados quando a eficiência da cirurgia e foram submetidos à imunomarcação com ki-67, c-kit. Destes, 20 casos passaram por avaliação estereológica, nos parâmetros volume total do tumor, densidade numérica, número total de mastócitos, volume de célula e de núcleo e a relação núcleo/célula. Além disso, 22 casos tiveram seus tumores quantificados quanto a expressão gênica de c-kit e do seu ligante. Os parâmetros clínicos avaliados foram: idade, sexo, raça, localização, tempo de evolução, tamanho do tumor, velocidade de crescimento, presença de ulceração, sangramento, eritema, temperatura, hiperpigmentação, consistência tumoral, base de inserção, abrangência de tecido, aderência a planos profundos, formato, superfície, presença de alopecia, número de tumores, além de investigar a presença de alteração em linfonodos, sinais clínicos e metástases e calcular a taxa de crescimento tumoral. Foram associados a piora do prognóstico os pacientes que apresentaram os parâmetros: animais idosos, presença de eritema, ulceração, aumento de temperatura, presença de aderência, superfície irregular, tumores firmes, crescimento rápido, presença de sinais clínicos e metástases. O diâmetro foi associado a maior taxa de óbito. As demais variáveis clínicas não foram associadas ao prognóstico. O grau histopatológico, a presença de sinais clínicos e metástase foram considerados marcadores preditivos independentes de recidiva e óbito, pela análise multivariada. Na avaliação por estereologia, as variáveis: volume do tumor e número total de mastócitos neoplásicos também foram associados à redução de sobrevida livre de recidiva, assim como uma maior porcentagem de núcleos imunomarcados com ki-67. A diminuição da expressão do ligante de c-kit, também conhecido como fator de crescimento do c-kit também foi associado aos eventos combinados óbito e recidiva. Os resultados demonstraram que mesmo parâmetros clínicos, de fácil investigação fornecem dados para a interpretação dos mastocitomas de grau intermediário, podendo oferecer melhor tratamento aos animais acometidos. Os parâmetros laboratoriais como imunomarcação com ki-67, parâmetros estereológicos podem ajudar a estabelecer uma nova classificação destes tumores que ficam à margem de classificação. Porém, mais uma vez a graduação preconizada por Patnaik e al. (1984) se mostrou de grande eficiência na previsão da evolução dos mastocitomas. As expressões gênicas de c-kit e seu ligante e a expressão por imunomarcação de c-kit devem ser melhores avaliadas e comparadas a análises de mutação destes genes.
Title in English
Evaluation of prognostic factors of canine mast cell tumors: clinical-surgical, histopathological, stereological, immunohistochemical and genical expression study
Keywords in English
C-kit
Histopathological grade
Ki-67
Mast-cell tumor
Real-time PCR
Stereology
Abstract in English
The aim of this study was to evaluate prognostic markers for canine mast cell tumors to improve treatment options offered to animals affected by this cancer. We evaluated animals and clinical parameters of the tumors, parameters from clinical outcomes, and histological, immunohistochemical, stereological, and gene expression parameters. To this end, 81 dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors underwent surgical excision of tumors. After surgery, the dogs were monitored and evaluated for a minimum of 12 months for the collection of outcome data. The tumors were graded histologically, had their surgical margins investigated regarding the efficacy of surgery, and were immunostained with Ki-67 and c-kit. Of these specimens, 20 cases underwent stereological assessment: total tumor volume, numerical density, total number of mast cells, cell and nucleus volume, and the nucleus/cell relationship were investigated. In addition, gene expression of c-kit and its ligand was measured in tumors from 22 cases. Examined clinical parameters included age, sex, breed, location, duration of evolution, tumor size, growth rate, presence of ulceration, bleeding, erythema, temperature, hyperpigmentation, tumor consistency, insertion base, range of tissues, adherence to deep levels, shape, surface, presence of alopecia, and number of tumors. We also investigated the presence of changes in lymph nodes, metastases, clinical signs and metastases. We observed that tumors with erythema, ulceration, increased temperature, adherence, irregular surface, solidity, rapid growth, presence of metastases and clinical signs were associated with worse prognostic. A larger tumor diameter was associated with a higher death rate. The other clinical variables were not associated with the prognosis. A multivariate analysis revealed that the histopathological grade and the presence of clinical signs and metastasis were independent predictive markers of the progression-free survival time. The stereological analysis indicated that a larger tumor volume, a larger total number of neoplastic mast cells, and a higher percentage of nuclei immunostained for Ki-67 were also associated with a reduced survival time and a higher recurrence rate. The reduction of c-kit ligand expression, also called the growth factor c-kit, was also associated with the death and recurrence rates. Our results demonstrate that clinical parameters that are easy to determine can provide useful data for assessing intermediate-grade mast-cell tumors and thereby be useful in determining better treatments for affected animals. Stereological parameters and laboratory parameters such as immunostaining for Ki-67 could help to establish a new classification of those tumors that are at the margin of existing classifications. However, the histopathological classification established by Patnaik et al. (1984) proved very efficient in predicting the evolution of mast-cell tumors. The gene expressions of c-kit and its ligand, and the KIT immunostaining should be further evaluated and compared in order to analyze mutations in these genes.
 
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Publishing Date
2013-05-07
 
WARNING: The material described below relates to works resulting from this thesis or dissertation. The contents of these works are the author's responsibility.
  • Casagrande, Thaís Andrade Costa, et al. Estudo retrospectivo do mastocitoma canino no Serviço de Cirurgia de Pequenos Animais - Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Archives of Veterinary Science, 2008, vol. 13, p. 206-213.
  • COSTA CASAGRANDE, T. A., et al. The value of molecular expression of KIT and KIT ligand analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry as a prognostic indicator for canine cutaneous mast cell tumours [doi:10.1111/vco.12010]. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology [online], 2013, vol. 1, p. n/a-n/a.
  • Casagrande, Thaís Andrade Costa, et al. Avaliação do prognóstico do mastocitoma canino através da expressão de KI-67 por imunoistoquímica. In VI Oncologia Veterinária e III Simpósio de Oncologia Veterinária, Águas de Lindóia, SP, 2010. VI Oncologia Veterinária e III Simpósio de Oncologia Veterinária., 2010. Resumo.
  • Casagrande, Thaís Andrade Costa, et al. C-Kit and C-Kit Ligand Gene Expression as Prognostic Factors for Canine Mast Cell Tumor. In 30th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society, San Diego, 2010. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society., 2010. Abstract.
  • Casagrande, Thaís Andrade Costa, et al. Clinical Outcome on Evaluation of Canine Mast Cell Tumors (MCT) Prognostic. Service of Small Animal Surgery (SSAS) - Veterinary Hospital - School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Scienece - University of São Paulo (SVMAS/USP), Brazil. In 29th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society, Austin - Texas, 2009. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society., 2009. Abstract.
  • Casagrande, Thaís Andrade Costa, et al. Design-Based Stereological Assessment Of Mastocytoma in Dogs. Preliminary Highlights. In The 10th European Congress of ISS on Stereology and Image Analysis - Ecs10, Milão, 2009. Abstracts - The 10th European Congress of ISS on Stereology and Image Analysis.Milão, 2009. Abstract.
  • Casagrande, Thaís Andrade Costa, et al. Evaluation of prognostic for canine mastocytoma (MCT) through the expression of kit by immunohistochemistry and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In European Society of Veterinary Oncology Spring Congress, Turin - Itália, 2010. Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Congress of the European Society Veterinary Oncology.Turin - Itália : School of Artistic Anatomy, 2010. Abstract.
  • Casagrande, Thaís Andrade Costa, et al. Prognostic Evaluation of Mast Cell Tumor (MCT) in Dogs, Using Design-Based Stereological Tools. A Preliminary Communication. In European Society of Veterinary Oncology Spring Congress, Turin - Itália, 2010. Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Congress of the European Society Veterinary Oncology.Turin - Itália : School of Artistic Anatomy, 2010. Abstract.
  • Casagrande, Thaís Andrade Costa, et al. Retrospective Study of Mast Cell Tumors (MCT) in Dogs, Service of Small Animal Surgery (SSAS) - Veterinary Hospital - School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - University of São Paulo (SVMAS/USP), Brazil. In 29th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society, Austin - Texas, 2009. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society., 2009. Abstract.
  • Melo, Samanta Rios, Casagrande, Thaís Andrade Costa, and MATERA, J. M. Evaluation of collection and sending of samples for histological, cell culture and stereological analysis of canine mast cell tumor. In 31th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society, San Diego - California, 2010. Proceedings of the 31th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society., 2010. Abstract.
  • Oliveira-Barros, L.M., et al. Endoscopic and Histopathological Evaluation of Canine Mast Cell Tumors. In 30th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society, San Diego, 2010. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society., 2010. Abstract.
  • Oliveira-Barros, L.M., et al. Plasmatic gastrin in mast cell tumors and correlation with gastric lesions. In 35th Annual Conference Veterinary Cancer Society, Las Vegas, 2012. Proceedings of the Veterinary Cancer Society., 2012. Abstract.
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