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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.1987.tde-20231122-093507
Document
Author
Full name
Martin Homechin
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 1987
Supervisor
Title in Portuguese
Potencial e emprego de isolados brasileiros de Trichoderma harzianum, Rifai, para controle de patógenos de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]
Keywords in Portuguese
CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO
FUNGOS FITOPATOGÊNICOS
SOJA
TOMBAMENTO
Abstract in Portuguese
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar aspectos que envolvem a utilização de Trichoderma harzianum, para controle de patógenos em plantas de soja (Glycine max, em condições de laboratório e campo. De 35 isolados de T. harzianum obtidos a partir de rizosfera , solo, sementes e partes de plantas de soja e ervas daninhas , pela semeadura em meio de Martin (MARTIN, 1950), modificado para Trichoderma, cinco deles foram selecionados de acordo com a capacidade de inibir o desenvolvimento de Rhizoctonia solani “in vitro”. Os cinco melhores isolados identificados como T. harzianum, comportaram-se de maneira diferenciada para antagonismo a Macrophomina phaseolina, R. solani e Sclerotium rolfsii. Das duas técnicas utilizadas para indução de novos biótipos apenas a radiação gama permitiu a obtenção de dois variantes morfológicos (VMT-1 e VMT-2). Nos testes de antagonismo a R. solani, “in vitro” uma das variantes morfológicas foi superior. Os fungicidas benomil, thiabendazole, iprodione + thiran exerceram efeito negativo sobre o crescimento e esporulação dos isolados ensaiados. Em sementes de soja tratadas com captan, thiram, e inoculadas com suspensão de esporos de T. harzianum, não ocorreu inibição da germinação dos esporos com thiabendazole. Os herbicidas trifluralin, 2,4-D, metribuzin, alachlor, sethoxydin exerceram efeito negativo no crescimento e esporulação “in vitro” de T. harzianum, de acordo com a concentração. Dos 20 diferentes substratos naturais avaliados quanto à produção e viabilidade de esporos de T. harzianum destacaram-se bagacilho + farelo de arroz (1:1), bagacilho, grãos de aveia preta, farelo de arroz, quimera de milho e arroz. Destes, alguns comprovaram eficiência quando utilizados no campo em: a. tratamento de sementes de soja com suspensão de esporos; b. tratamento de sementes mais tratamento de sulco com substrato infestado e c. tratamento de sulco. Dos três sistemas de utilização do antagônico e dos substratos, o melhor resultado foi obtido com o tratamento de sementes com suspensão de esporos produzidos em quimera ou mesmo farelo de milho, bagacilho + farelo de arroz. Em sementes tratados com suspensão de esporos e armazenadas em ambiente à temperatura variável de 19 a 30°C, o T. harzianum sobreviveu por um período de 240 dias. Em raízes de plantas de soja originárias de sementes inoculadas com Rhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Buchanan e tratadas com suspensão de esporos foi observado um número menor de nódulos.
Title in English
Potencial and use of brazilian isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, Rifai to soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.], pathogens control
Abstract in English
The objectives of the present research was to study different aspects of Trichoderma harzianum as seed soil treatments in the control of soybean (Glycine max) pathogens under field and laboratory conditions. Among 35 isolates of T. harzianum obtained from rhizosphere, soil, seeds, soybean plant parts and weeds by plating in Martin medium (MARTIN, 1950) modified for Trichoderma, five were selected based on their capacity to inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia solani. The five isolates behaved differently with respect to the antagonism against Macrophomina phaseolina, R. solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. From the two techniques used to induce mutation (gamma radiation and ultra-violate light treatment) radiation produced two morphological and physiological variants (VMT-1 and VMT-2). In all the tests carried out only one of the two variants was superior in inhibiting growth of R. solani “in vitro” compared to the wild type. Fungicides such as benomyl, thiabendazole and iprodione + thiram tested under varied concentrations affected growth and sporulation of T. harzianum isolates differently. Captan, thiram as seed dressing followed by inoculation of T. harzianum did not cause any spore death. However, thiabendazole completely inhibited spore germination of T. harzianum isolates. The herbicides trifluralin, 2,4-D, metribuzin, alachlor and sextoxydin added to the culture media in different concentrations had a negative effect on sporulation of T. harzianum which was inhibited at 0.1 ppm. The negative effect dependent upon the concentration of active ingredient of the herbicide. Among 20 natural substrates evaluated for spore production and viability sugar cane straw (“bagacilho”) + rice bran (1:1), sugar cane straw (“bagacilho”), oat grains, rice of bran corn corn of bran and rice flow were the best. Some of these substrates proved their efficiency in the three methods of T. harzianum application in the field: soybean seed treatment with spore suspension; seed treatment + furrow seeding with infested substrate, and furrow seeding. Out of the three methods of fungal application seed treated with spore suspension, produced on bran and flow of corn and sugar cane straw (“bagacilho”) + rice flow gave the best results. These treatment gave for a better soybean seed quality that came from the contaminated seed lot with high level of Aspergillus spp and higher percentage of seed emergence, seed survival and root health evaluated at the end of the crop cicle. In treatment with spori suspension and stored room temperature (19 a 30°C) it was observed that T. harzianum isolates, survived for period of 240 days. The percentage of survival varied with time of storage and isolate used. In plants originated from seeds coated with R. japonicum suspension and T. harzianum spores there was a decrease in the number of nodules/plant.
 
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2023-11-24
 
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