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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.2006.tde-06042006-172002
Document
Author
Full name
Cristina Sayuri Maki
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2006
Supervisor
Committee
Azevedo, Joao Lucio de (President)
Kleiner, Aline Aparecida Pizzirani
Melo, Itamar Soares de
Mui, Tsai Siu
Pinheiro, José Baldin
Title in Portuguese
Diversidade e potencial biotecnológico de fungos endofíticos de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.)
Keywords in Portuguese
biodiversidade
cacau
fungo endofítico
Abstract in Portuguese
Endófitos são todos os microrganismos, cultiváveis ou não, que habitam o interior dos tecidos vegetais, não causando danos ao hospedeiro e nem o desenvolvimento de estruturas externas, excluindo, dessa forma, bactérias noduladoras e micorrizas. Theobroma cacao L. é importante para as indústrias alimentícia e cosmética, por constituir a matéria prima para a produção de manteiga de cacau. Considerando a importância do estudo do cacaueiro e sua comunidade fúngica endofítica associada, os objetivos desse trabalho foram: i) estudar a diversidade da comunidade endofítica de cacau; ii) avaliar o potencial dessa comunidade para o controle biológico de Crinipellis perniciosa, o agente causal da vassoura de bruxa e outros fitopatógenos e iii) estudar a interação endófito-patógeno e endófito-hospedeiro. O trabalho foi iniciado com o isolamento de fungos endofíticos de cacau, que foram caracterizados com base em características morfológicas e moleculares. A diversidade foi avaliada por análises de rDNA (regiões ITS1, ITS2 e 5.8) (ARDRA e sequenciamento). A análise de ARDRA gerou 64 haplótipos, os quais incluíram no mínimo, 16 espécies. A seguir, fungos endofíticos antagônicos de cacau foram selecionados in vitro contra C. perniciosa. Foi observado que, dentre os 145 isolados avaliados, 38.6% foram classificados como antagônicos, enquanto 13.1% foram classificados como parasitas. Após a seleção, os isolados foram usados para extração de metabólitos secundários e outras caracterizações. Também foi feita a detecção do gene da δ-(L-α- aminoadipil)-L-cisteinil-D-valin (ACV), que é a precursora das β-lactanas, antibióticos como as penicilinas e cefalosporinas. A amplificação desse gene gerou um fragmento de 600 pb em 9.1% dos isolados avaliados. Alguns isolados foram testados contra fungos fitopatogênicos (Colletotrichum falcatum, C. sublineorum, Erythricium salmonicolor, Rhizoctonia solani, Ceratocystis paradoxa, Phytophthora sp., P. parasitica, P. palmivora e Fusarium moniliforme). Apenas C. sublineorum de sorgo e Ceratocystis paradoxa de cana-de-açúcar foram inibidos in vitro pelos endófitos 42.3 e 2, respectivamente. Foi feita a investigação da habilidade de penetração e colonização do fungo endofítico 42.3 em cacau comum suscetível, usando as técnicas de RAPD e SEM. A penetração do fungo foi iniciada entre 3 e 6 horas após a inoculação. A interação entre o endófito de cacau 42.3 com C. perniciosa 281 (patogênico), foi avaliada por SDS-PAGE, visando a detecção de proteínas expressas pelo patógeno e pelo endófito. A SDSPAGE permitiu a visualização de bandas expressas na interação, quando os microrganismos foram crescidos juntos. Na presença do substrato de crescimento do endófito, C. perniciosa não expressou proteínas visíveis, ou distinguíveis em SDS-PAGE, mas o co-cultivo desses fungos, geraram bandas não observadas em análises prévias.
Title in English
Diversity and biotechnological potential of the cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) endophytic fungi
Keywords in English
biodiversity
cacao
endophytic fungal
Abstract in English
Endophytes are all microorganisms, culturable or not, that inhabit the interior of plant tissues, causing no harm to the host, and that do not develop external structures, excluding in this way, nodulating bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. Theobroma cacao L. is important to food and cosmetic industry due the fact that it is used for production of cacao butter. Considering the importance of cacao and associated endophytic fungal community studies, the objectives of this work were to: i) study the diversity on endophytic community of cacao; ii) evaluate the potential of this community to biological control of Crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches’ broom disease and other phytopathogens and iii) study the interaction endophyte-pathogen and endophyte-host. The work began with isolation of the cacao endophytic fungi that was characterizated based on morphological and molecelar characters. The diversity was evaluated by rDNA (ITS1, ITS2 e 5.8 subunit regions) analyses (ARDRA and sequencing). The ARDRA analysis generated 64 haplotypes, which included at least 16 species. Following, antagonistic endophytic fungi from cacao were selected in vitro against C. perniciosa. It was observed that in 145 evaluated isolates, 38.6% was classified as antagonic, while 13.1% were classified as parasitic. After the selection, isolates were used for secondary metabolites extraction and further characterization. Also, detection of δ-(L-α-aminoadipil)-L-cisteinil-D-valin (ACV) gene, which is the precursor of β-lactans, antibiotics like penicilins and cephalosporins, was carried out. The amplification of this gene generated a fragment of 600pb in 9.1% of the isolates evaluated. Some isolates were further evaluated against phytophathogenic fungi (Colletotrichum falcatum, C. sublineorum, Erythricium salmonicolor, Rhizoctonia solani, Ceratocystis paradoxa, Phytophthora sp., P. parasitica, P. palmivora and Fusarium moniliforme). Only C. sublineorum of sorghum and Ceratocystis paradoxa of sugarcane were in vitro inhibited by the endophytes 42.3 and 2, respectively. The investigation of the penetration and colonization ability of endophytic fungus 42.3 on susceptible cacao comum was carried out, using RAPD and SEM techniques. The penetration of the fungus was initiated between 3 and 6 hours after inoculation. The interaction between cacao endophyte 42.3 with C. perniciosa 281 (pathogenic), was evaluated by SDSPAGE, aiming the detection of expressed proteins by pathogen and endophyte. The SDS-PAGE allowed the visualization of bands expressed in the interaction, when the microorganisms were grown together. In the presence of the endophyte growth substrate, C. perniciosa do not express visible proteins or, at least, distinguishable in SDS-PAGE, but the co-cultive of these fungi generated non observed bands in previously analysis.
 
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Publishing Date
2006-04-10
 
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