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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.2020.tde-20200111-151320
Document
Author
Full name
Camilo de Lelis Morello
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2000
Supervisor
Title in Portuguese
Potencial de germoplasma de milho para a síntese de compostos com adaptação a solo ácido
Keywords in Portuguese
ADAPTAÇÃO
CERRADO
GERMOPLASMA VEGETAL
MILHO
SOLO ÁCIDO
Abstract in Portuguese
Os solos ácidos constituem uma grande parte das áreas agrícolas no mundo. No Brasil, os solos sob vegetação de "cerrado" , de natureza ácida, correspondem a aproximadamente 150 milhões de hectares, representando aproximadamente 25 % da área agrícola total (EMBRAPA, 1978). A utilização dessas áreas para fins agrícolas, torna-se possível e economicamente viável, a partir da integração de práticas de manejo, como a aplicação de calcário e fosfato e o emprego de cultivares adaptados. Para o sucesso no desenvolvimento de cultivares com adaptação a solos ácidos, faz-se fundamental o emprego de germoplasma com variabilidade genética para adaptação à referida condição. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar germoplasma de milho com adaptação ao complexo solo ácido e tolerância ao alumínio, e posteriormente verificar o potencial desse germoplasma para a síntese de compostos com adaptação a solo ácido. No ano agrícola 1997/98, cinco experimentos, compreendendo 158 variedades e 122 híbridos intervarietais, foram avaliados em condição de solo ácido, em Anhembi, SP. Nos experimentos 1, 2 e 3, foram selecionadas, em cada, as variedades com as maiores estimativas positivas de capacidade geral de combinação (CGC), para o caráter peso de espigas (PE). Nos experimentos 4 e 5, foram selecionadas as variedades com as maiores médias para o PE. Essas variedades foram empregadas na etapa seguinte do estudo, referente a avaliação para tolerância ao alumínio. No experimento 1. foram selecionadas as variedades TAITINGA TAIÚBA e WP 12, do Grupo [í], e as variedades CUPURICO DMR e TUXPENO AMARILLO, do Grupo [2]. As variedades PMI 8701 e BR 105, foram as selecionadas no experimento 2. No experimento 3, foram selecionadas as variedades CMS 53, CMS 28, CMS 54. CMS 4N, BR 111, SUWAN 2, PC 9405 e CMS 57NF. As variedades BA 115, BA 191, BA 176, SE 036, WP 32, PUEBLA GRUPO 27, AL 009, SIKALQ e MS 010, com as maiores médias de PE, foram as selcionadas no experimento 4, e no experimento 5, foram selecionadas as variedades CMS 39, CMS 463, [(CUBA 173 x 8 73) x BR 106], BS 16 x BR 105, [(CUBA 117 x 8 73) x SR 105], [(CUBA 117 x B 73) x SR 106], [(CUBA 110 x MO 17) x SR 105], ANTIGUA 3 x BR 106, IODENT x SR 106 e BS 29 x BR 106. As 34 variedades selecionadas quanto a adaptação a solo ácido, no mês julho de 1998, foram avaliadas em solução nutritiva contendo alumínio em nível tóxico, tomando- se o crescimento de radícula como variável. As amplitudes de valores de comprimento líquido de radícula (CL) foram de 6,36 cm a 13,44 cm. Esses valores em relação as tetemunhas telorante (DINA 766) e sensível (MITLA 9560) foram de 0,43 a 0,91 e 1,07 a 2,26, respectivamente. Destacaram-se as variedades TAITINGA, SIKALQ, TAIÚBA, SR 105 V, SUWAN 2. CMS 39, CMS 57NF, AL 009, CUPURICO DMR e CMS 53, em ordem decrescente de valores de CL. As dez variedades com maior crescimento de radícula em presença de alumínio, também verificadas quanto a adaptação a solo ácido, foram submetidas a cruzamento dialélico. Em 1998/99, no período de "safrinha", essas dez variedades e seus 45 híbridos foram avaliados em Anhembi, SP, em dois experimentos, correspondentes a dois níveis de acidez e disponibilidade de nutrientes. Em ambos os experimentos, efeitos significativos foram verificados nos caracteres altura da planta (AP), altura da espiga (AE), comprimento da espiga (CE), diâmetro da espiga (DE) e peso de grãos (PG). Para os caracteres de produção, os efeitos de interações entre efeitos de variedades x experimentos, efeitos de heterose x experimentos e efeitos de CGC x experimentos, foram não significativos, permitindo a análise e seleção de variedades considerando-se a média dos experimentos. Para o PG, as variedades CMS 39, CMS 57NF e SIKALQ destacaram-se por apresentarem os maiores efeitos de variedades. A variedade AL 009 foi a de maior efeito de heterose de variedade, porém apresentou o menor valor para efeito de variedade. As variedades SR 105 e CMS 39 apresentaram as maiores estimativas de CGC e o cruzamento TAITINGA x CMS 39 apresentou o maior efeito de heterose específica. De modo geral, para os caracteres AP e AE, as estimativas ocorreram com valores aceitáveis, não inviabilizando a utilização dessas variedades. Utilizando-se o índice li , para o PG, foram selecionadas as variedades CMS 39, BR 105 V, SIKALQ, CMS 57NF e TAITINGA para participarem das predições de compostos. As médias de compostos preditos, para o PG, foram entre 3,71 t/ha a 4,39 t/ha. O composto de tamanho k=2, a partir do cruzamento TAITINGA x CMS 39, obteve a maior média predita, com 4,39 t/ha. Entre os compostos de tamanho k=3, destacou-se o composto TAITINGA x SIKALQ x CMS 39, com 4,30 t/ha. A maior média predita para composto k=4 foi de 4,22 t/ha, com o composto TAITINGA x SIKALQ x CMS 39 x BR 105. O composto amplo, com k=5, envolvendo as cinco variedades, obteve média predita de 4, 13 t/ha.
Title in English
Potential of maize germplasm for the synthesis of composites with adaptation to acid soil
Abstract in English
Acid soils represent a large portion of the agricultural areas in the world. In Brazil, acid soils under the "cerrado" vegetation represent approximately 150 millions hectares or 25% of the total area (EMBRAPA, 1978). The use of the "cerrado" areas for agricultural purposes may be economically feasible by integrating agricultural practices such as the application of lime and phosphate with the use of adapted cultivars . For the success of developing adapted cultivars, the base germplasm must be characterized by the existence of genetic variability for adaptation to that condition. The objective of this study was the identification of maize germplasm with adaptation to the acid soil and aluminum tolerance complex; and further to get information on the value of such germplasm for the synthesis of composites with adaptation to acid soil. ln the year 1997/98, five experiments comprising 158 populations and 122 population crosses were conducted under the condition of acid soil in Anhembi (SP). ln the experiments 1, 2 and 3, varieties exhibiting the largest and positive estimates of general combining ability (CGC) effects for yield were selected. ln the experiments 4 and 5, populations were selected on the basis of only yield per se. AII the selected populations were used in the next step of the program, referring to the evaluation for aluminum tolerance. From experiment 1, the following populations were selected: TAITINGA, TAIUBA and WP 12 in group [1]; and CUPURICO DMR and TUXPENO AMARILLO from group [2]. Populations PMI 8701 and BR 105 were selected from experiment 2. From experiment 3, the followíng populations were selected: CMS 53, CMS 28, CMS 54, CMS 4N, BR 111, SUWAN 2, PC 9405 and CMS 57 NF. From experiment 4, the following populations were selected: BA 115, BA 191, BA 176, SE 036, WP 32, PUEBLA GRUPO 27, AL 009, SIKALQ, and MS 010. From experiment 5, the followíng populations were selected: CMS 39, CMS 463, [(CUBA 173 x 873) x BR 106], BS 16 x BR 105, [(CUBA 117 x B73) x BR 105], [(CUBA 117 x 8 73) x BR 106], [(CUBA 110 x MO 17) x BR 105], ANTIGUA 3 x BR 106, IODENT x BR 106, and BS 29 x BR 106. The 34 populations, selected for adaptation to acid soil, were evaluated for the variable "net growth rate of the radicle" (CL) in nutrient solution with toxic aluminum. The range for CL was from 6.36 cm to 13.44 cm; these values expressed in relation to the mean of the tolerant check (DINA 766) and sensitive check (MITLA9560) range from 0.43 to 0.91 and from 1.07 to 2.26, respectively. Outstanding performances were to TAITINGA, SIKALQ, TAIÚBA, BR 105 V, SUWAN 2, CMS 39, CMS 57 NF, AL 009, CUPURICO DMR and CMS 53 , in decreasing arder for CL. The ten populations with higher CL and good adaptation to acid soil were crossed according to the diallel mating scheme. ln 1998/99, the ten populations and their 45 cresses were evaluated in off-season crop in Anhembi, under two environments differing by the amount of available nutrients and levei of acidity in the soil. ln both experiments, significant variation was detected for plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, and grain yield. For the traits of production, the effects of the interaction of varieties, heterosis and general combining ability with environments were non significant, which allowed the data analysis and selection of varieties on the average of both environments. Populations CMS 39, CMS 57NF and SIKALQ were outstanding for grain yield for grain yield, exhibiting the highest and positive variety effects. The highest negative variety effect was for AL 009 which, however, showed the highest positive variety heterosis effect. Populations BR 105 and CMS 39 showed the highest estimates for general combining ability, while the cross TAITINGA x CMS 39 showed the highest specific heterosis effects. ln general plant height and ear height did not depart greately in those selected populations and will not preclude their use in the synthesis of new populations. The index li was used for grain yield to select populations CMS 39, BR 105 V, SIKALQ, CMS 57NF, and TAITINGA to be used as parents in the synthesis of new composites based on predicted means. Predicted means of composites were in the range of 3.71 t/ha to 4.39 t/ha. The highest predicted mean was for the composite TAITINGA x CMS 39 (size k=2). Among composites of size k=3 and k=4, the highest predicted means were 4.30 t/ha (TAITINGA x SIKALQ x CMS 39) and 4.22 t/ha (TAITINGA x SIKALQ x CMS 39 x BR 105). The predicted mean for the composite of síze k=S, ínvolvíng all the fíve selected populatíons was 4.13 t/ha, whích represents 94.1% . 96.0% , and 97.9% of the best predicted composite of sízes k=2. k=3, and k=4, respectively.
 
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Publishing Date
2020-01-11
 
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