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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.2020.tde-20200111-154041
Document
Author
Full name
Silvino Guimarães Moreira
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2003
Supervisor
Title in Portuguese
Formas químicas no solo e disponibilidade de micronutrientes à soja em sistema de semeadura direta
Keywords in Portuguese
COBRE
MANGANÊS
QUÍMICA DO SOLO
SEMEADURA DIRETO
SOJA
ZINCO
Abstract in Portuguese
Com o objetivo principal de avaliar a disponibilidade de micronutrientes em solos cultivados sob sistema de semeadura direta (SSD) desenvolveram-se dois estudos (1 e 2), em condições de campo. O primeiro foi conduzido sobre um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico de Ponta Grossa, PR, submetido há 12 anos sob diferentes métodos de preparo (SSD, sistema de semeadura convencional - SSC, preparo mínimo - PM e SSD/escarificação a cada 3 anos). Desenvolveu-se o estudo 2, utilizando-se nove locais com e sem constatações de deficiências de Mn em soja, nos municípios de Tibagí, Ponta Grossa e Castro, PRo Em quatro locais, aplicaram-se doses de Mn, variando-se de 0 a 48 kg há-1. Nos dois estudos, avaliaram-se as disponibilidades de micronutrientes pelos extratores Mehlich I e III, HCl 0,1 moI L-1, DTPA-TEA a pH 7,3 e pela extração seqüencial de micronutrientes (formas trocável, orgânica, óxidos e residual), em amostras das camadas de 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m no caso do estudo 1, e de 0,00-0,10 m, no estudo 2. Nas amostras das camadas de 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10 m do estudo 1 e de 0,00-0,10 m do estudo 2 foram extraídos os ácidos húmicos (AH), para se estudar as interações dos metais com os AH, utilizando-se a ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (RPE). Nas amostras de folhas (estudo I) e parte aérea das plantas (estudos 1 e 2) determinaram-se os teores de macro e micronutrientes. No caso do estudo 1, os teores de Mn da camada de 0,00-0,05 m, extraídos por todos extratores, e das camadas de 0,05-0,10 e 0,00-0,20 m (média dos extratores) do solo sob SSD foram maiores do que os do solo sob SSC. Fato semelhante foi observado para os teores de Zn da camada superficial (média dos extratores). A percentagem de Mn da fração orgânica (camada superficial) foi maior no SSD e SSD/preparo em relação ao SSC. A obtenção dos sinais de Cu e Mn nas amostras de AH foi impedida pelos altos teores de óxidos de Fe, mesmo após centrifugações em alta rotação para retirada dos óxidos de Fe. A produtividade de soja não foi modificada pelos métodos de preparo. No caso do estudo 2, as doses de Mn geralmente elevaram os teores de Mn trocáveis dos solos, mas a concentração e a quantidade de Mn acumulada pelas plantas foram pouco afetadas. As formas de Mn trocável, orgânico e óxido aumentaram com as doses de Mn, em local com constatações de deficiência do nutriente. No caso da fração orgânica, os teores aumentaram de 5,4 mg kg-1 na testemunha, para 35,1 mg kg -1 com a maior dose. Nas amostras sólidas de AH (pH 3,0) não detectou-se Mn por RPE. A quantificação de Mn nessas amostras, após digestão nitro-perclórica, juntamente com a observação de sinais de Mn por RPE em AH em solução (pH 2,4), confirmou a hipótese de que o Mn estava ligado fortemente aos grupos funcionais do AH. A produtividade da soja não variou com as doses de Mn. O DTP A foi o extrato r mais adequado na avaliação da disponibilidade de Mn à soja.
Title in English
Chemical fractionation in soils and bioavailability of micronutrients to soybean under no tillage
Abstract in English
With the objective of evaluating the bioavailability of micronutrients in soils cultivated with soybean under no tillage (NT), two studies (1 and 2) were conducted at field conditions. Study 1 was carried out under an OxisoI Iocated in Ponta Grossa, PR, which was submitted 12 years to four different tillage treatments (NT, conventionaI tillage - CT, minimum tillage - MT and NT/scarification each 3 years). Study 2 was carried out in nine sites of Tibagi, Ponta Grossa and Castro, PR, with and without previous Mn deficiency in soybean. In four sites was applied Mn rates, varying of 0 to 48 kg ha-1 In both studies, the availability of soil micronutrients was studied by extractants Mehlich I and III, HCI 0.1 moI L-1 , DTPA-TEA pH 7.3 and by the sequential extraction (exchangeable, organic, oxides and residual). The soil samples were collected from the layers of 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m (study 1) and 0.00-0.10 m (study 2). In the soil samples from the 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.1 O m (study 1) and 0.00- 0.10 m (study 2) was extracted humic acid (HA) in order to study the interaction of metaIs and HA, using the electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Leave samples (study 1) and representative top plants (study I and 2) were collected and contents of macro and micronutrients analytically determined. In the study I, extractable soil Mn determined by all extractants in the soil layer of 0.00-0.05, and in the average of all extractants in the soil layers of 0.05-0.10 and 0.00-0.20 m, were higher in the NT as compared to the CT. The same effect was obtained for Zn in the layer of 0.00-0.05 m in the average of all extractants. The percentage of Mn in the organic form in the 0.00-0.05 m soil Iayer was higher in the NT and NT with scarification as compared to the CT. The hígh amounts of Fe oxides in the HA samples did not make possible to obtain signals for Cu and Mn, even afier long high speed centrifugation of samples. Soybean yield was not affected by tillage systems. In the case of study 2, manganese rates applied affected directly the extractable soil Mn, but not the leave concentration or the uptake of Mn by the plants. Exchangeable, organic and oxide forms of Mn increased with rates applied in soils with previous Mn deficiency for soybean, with the highest increase for the organic fraction (5.4 to 35.1 mg kg-1 of Mn from the control to the highest rate of Mn applied, i.e., 48 kg ha-1). Manganese was not detected by EPR in the solid samples of AH - pH 3.0. Manganese quantification in the same samples, after nitric percloric digestion, plus clear signs for Mn by EPR in samples of AH - pH 2.4, Iead to the idea that Mn was strongly linked to the functional groups of AH. Soybean yield was not affected by manganese rates. The DTPA-TEA was the most reliable extractor for the element in order to evaluate Mn bioavailability to soybean under NT.
 
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Publishing Date
2020-01-11
 
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