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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.11.2000.tde-20220208-113351
Document
Author
Full name
Silvino Guimarães Moreira
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 1999
Supervisor
Title in Portuguese
Calagem em sistema de semeadura direta e efeitos sobre a acidez do solo, disponibilidade de nutrientes e produção de soja
Keywords in Portuguese
ACIDEZ DO SOLO
CALAGEM
NUTRIENTES MINERAIS DO SOLO
PRODUÇÃO
SEMEADURA DIRETA
SOJA
Abstract in Portuguese
Realizou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da calagem na correção da acidez do solo, na disponibilidade de nutrientes e na produção de soja em um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro, submetido a diferentes tempos de cultivo sob sistema de semeadura direta (TCSSD) (3, 6 e 9 anos), do município de Tibagi, PR. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de quatro doses de calcário (0%, 33,3%, 66,7% e 100% da quantidade calculada para elevar a V% a 70), aplicadas em superfície, e um tratamento adicional com a última dose, incorporada de 0 a 20 cm de profundidade. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado em duas épocas (estágio vegetativo V4 e época do florescimento), ocasião em que se coletaram amostras de solo e folhas. O solo foi amostrado nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm. Houve distribuição mais uniforme em profundidade de Ca, Mg, soma de bases e V% no local com maior TCSSD. Neste solo, os teores de Al foram baixos e não variaram com a profundidade, e os valores de pH foram pouco alterados. Em todos os TCSSD, os teores de B não variaram em profundidade. Em geral, os teores de Mn foram maiores nas camadas superficiais, e os de Cu, menores. A maior variação do Fe em profundidade ocorreu no solo com 6 anos de cultivo, sendo que, quase sempre a camada superficial apresentou o menor teor. No solo com menor TCSSD, a maior dose de corretivo aplicada na superfície resultou maiores teores de Ca e Mg e valores de soma de bases na camada de 0-5 cm, e o pH e a V% não variaram. A incorporação da dose integral elevou o pH, o teor de Ca e a soma de bases na camada de 10-20 cm; elevou o teor de Mg e a V% das camadas de 10-20 e 20-30 cm, e diminuiu o teor de Al da camada de 20-30 cm. No solo com 6 anos de cultivo, pH, Ca, Mg e soma de bases da camada superficial, comumente, aumentaram com a aplicação das maiores doses de corretivo na superfície. A incorporação do calcário, em geral, diminuiu o teor de AI e aumentou os de Ca e Mg, a soma de bases e a V% nas camadas inferiores do solo, sendo que nestas camadas, estes atributos não foram alterados pela aplicação superficial do corretivo. No solo com maior TCSSD, o efeito da calagem ocorreu apenas na camada superficial. O corretivo aplicado na superfície, comumente, resultou maiores teores de Ca e Mg e maiores valores de pH, soma de bases e V% do que a incorporação, mas esta não alterou os valores originais desses atributos. A incorporação do calcário diminuiu o teor de B no solo com maior TCSSD. As maiores doses aplicadas na superfície resultaram os menores teores de Cu no solo com menor TCSSD. No solo com 6 anos de cultivo, 2/3 da dose na superfície diminuíram o teor de Fe na camada superficial em grau maior que a dose integral incorporada, e na camada de 5-10 cm ocorreu efeito inverso. A camada superficial dos solos com maiores TCSSD apresentou menor teor de Mn devido à incorporação, e até 20 cm de profundidade, quaisquer uma das doses, aplicadas na superfície, reduziram os teores de Zn do solo com menor TCSSD. Os teores de micronutrientes no solo apresentaram-se dentro ou acima da faixa de teores considerados adequados, com exceção do B, que apresentou teores médios a baixos nos locais com 3 e 9 anos de cultivo. Os teores de N, P, K, S, B, Cu Fe e Zn nas folhas não variaram com a calagem. Na primeira amostragem, os teores de Mn dos locais com maior TCSSD diminuíram com a incorporação, e no solo com menor TCSSD, com a maior dose na superfície. Apenas os teores de P (primeira amostragem) e de S e dos micronutrientes Cu e B (solos com 3 e 9 anos de cultivo) apresentaram-se abaixo dos níveis considerados adequados para a soja, e em nenhuma das amostragens houve deficiência visual de nutrientes nas folhas de soja. A produção de grãos somente foi influenciada pelos TCSSD. O local com 6 anos de cultivação apresentou a maior produção de grãos em relação aos demais.
Title in English
Liming under no-tillage and effects on soil acidity, soil nutrient availability and yield of soybeans
Abstract in English
A field experiment was conducted in the State of Paraná, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of liming on soil acidity, soil nutrient availability and yield of soybeans on a Dark-Red Latosol (Oxysol), which had been cultivated for 3, 6 and 9 years under no-tillage (NT). Lime was broadcasted to the soil surface in four rates- 0%, 33,3%, 66,7% and 100% of the amount calculated to increase the soil base saturation (V%) to 70%; an additional treatment consisted of broadcasting the highest rate of lime and mixing it to the 0-20 cm layer of the soil. The effect of lime and time of cultivation under NT was evaluated by collecting soil and leaf samples at the V4 vegetative stage and at blossoming. Soil was sampled at the depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. Calcium, magnesium, sum of bases and V% showed the most uniform distribution in the profile when soil was cultivated under NT for 9 years; in addition, exchangeable AI was low and pH was constant in all the studied soil layers. ln all NT cultivation periods soil available B was not changed with depth. ln general, soil Mn content was highest in the surface layers, while Cu content was lowest. The highest change in Fe content with soil depth was observed when soil was cultivated for 6 years under NT; under this situation the 0-5 cm soil layer showed the lowest amount of Fe in most cases. ln the soil cultivated for 3 years, the highest figures for Ca, Mg and sum of bases in the 0-5 cm layer were observed when lime was broadcasted on soil surface at the full rate, while pH and V% were not changed with liming. The highest lime rate mixed in the soil increased pH, sum of bases and Ca content of the 10-20 cm layer, as well as the Mg and V% of both layers of 10-20 and 20-30 cm. This treatment also reduced the AI content of the 20-30 cm layer. ln the soil with 6-year cultivation period pH, Ca, Mg and sum of bases of the upper layer generally increased with the highest rates of lime broadcasted to the soil surface. When mixed to the soil, lime reduced the exchangeable AI and increased the sum of bases, V% and content of Ca and Mg of the deepest soil layers; these soil attributes were not modified by lime applied to the surface. ln the soil cultivated for 9 years, lime influenced only the surface layer; when applied on the surface, the increase in pH, sum of bases, V%, Ca and Mg by lime was generally higher than when mixed to the soil; in this later form of application, lime did not influence these soil characteristics. Mixed application of lime reduced B content in the soil cultivated for 9 years under NT. Applying the highest rates on the surface resulted the lowest contents of B in the 3-year cultivated soil. When soil was cultivated for 6 years, 2/3 of the full rate applied on the surface reduced Fe content in the 0-5 cm layer more than the maximum rate mixed in the soil, whereas in the 5-10 cm layer the most intense reduction occurred for the mixed application. Mixed application resulted the lowest Mn content in the surface layer of the soils under 6 and 9 years of cultivation. Up to the depth of 20 cm all lime rates broadcasted in the surface reduced the amount of Zn of the soil cultivated for 3 years under NT. The contents of all the studied micronutrients were in or above the normal range for soils except B, which contents were sometimes below the normal range in soils under 3 and 9 years of cultivation. Liming did not influence the contents of N, P, K, S, B, Cu, Fe and Zn in the soybean leaves. ln the first leaf sampling, the Mn content in plants grown on soil cultivated for 6 and 9 years under NT were decreased by lime mixed in the soil, whereas in the soil cultivated for 3 years the content was reduced by lime applied on the surface at the highest rate. Only the content of P in the first leaf sampling and of S, Cu and B in plants grown on soils cultivated for 3 and 9 years showed to be bellow the range considered normal for soybeans. Nutrient deficiency symptoms in the soybean plants were not observed in any of the sampling occasions. Soybean grain yield was influenced only by time of cultivation under NT, being highest yield was obtained in the soil cultivated for 6 years under NT.
 
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Publishing Date
2022-02-08
 
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