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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.11.2002.tde-13092002-140911
Document
Author
Full name
Rafael Vasconcelos Ribeiro
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2002
Supervisor
Committee
Machado, Eduardo Caruso (President)
Oliveira, Ricardo Ferraz de
Souza, Rogéria Pereira de
Title in Portuguese
Influência da temperatura na fotossíntese de laranjeira 'Pêra' com clorose variegada dos citros.
Keywords in Portuguese
clorose variegada dos citros
fotossíntese
laranja
temperatura
Abstract in Portuguese
A clorose variegada dos citros (CVC) é um dos principais problemas que assolam a citricultura brasileira nos últimos dez anos. Essa doença, causada pela bactéria Xylella fastidiosa, determina menor produção das plantas infectadas e tem estreita relação com as condições climáticas, sendo sua severidade agravada em regiões com baixa disponibilidade hídrica, alta demanda atmosférica e elevadas temperaturas. A fotossíntese, que possue relação direta com a produtividade das plantas, é um dos processos fisiológicos afetados pela CVC. Esse trabalho visou investigar os efeitos da temperatura na fotossíntese de plantas infectadas pela X. fastidiosa e determinar como o processo fotossintético é afetado pela presença da bactéria. Para tanto, foram utilizadas mudas de laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), com aproximadamente 9 meses de idade, cultivadas em vasos plásticos de 3L. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento I, mudas sadias e doentes foram dispostas em câmara de crescimento e submetidas por 7 dias a regimes de temperatura de 25/20 e 35/20ºC (dia/noite), com concentrações de CO2 e O2 atmosféricas, 14h de fotoperíodo, densidade de fluxo de fótons fotossintéticos (DFFF) de 600umol m -2 s -1 e déficit de pressão de vapor do ar de 1kPa. Foram realizadas medidas simultâneas de trocas gasosas [assimilação de CO2 (A); transpiração (E) e condutância estomática (gs)] e fluorescência da clorofila a [eficiência quântica potencial (Fv/Fm) e efetiva ( F/Fm')do fotossistema II, taxa aparente de transporte de elétrons (ETR) e coeficientes de extinção fotoquímica (qP) e não-fotoquímica (NPQ) da fluorescência] em tecidos intactos, nas temperaturas de 25, 30, 35 e 40ºC. No experimento II, foram realizadas curvas de resposta da produção de oxigênio fotossintético (Ao) em função de DFFF e curvas de indução de Ao, com medidas simultâneas de Ao, DF/Fm', ETR, qP e NPQ, em discos foliares, nas temperaturas de 35 e 45ºC. No experimento I, as plantas com CVC apresentaram valores inferiores de A, E e gs, sendo que as diferenças entre plantas sadias e doentes foram maiores no regime de temperatura de 35/20ºC, onde foram registrados os maiores valores de A, E e gs. Essas variáveis tenderam a decrescer com o aumento da temperatura (de 25 para 40ºC), alcançando valores mínimos a 40ºC em ambos regimes de temperatura. No experimento I, a CVC não influenciou DF/Fm', ETR, qP e NPQ, porém, Fv/Fm das plantas com CVC foi superior em todas as medidas. As variáveis mais influenciadas pela temperatura foram DF/Fm', ETR e qP, as duas primeiras decrescendo e a última aumentando com o aumento da temperatura de medida. Os maiores valores de Fv/Fm , DF/Fm', ETR, qP e NPQ foram registrados no regime de 35/20ºC, confirmando que essas condições foram mais favoráveis à atividade fotossintética das plantas. No experimento II, as plantas sadias apresentaram os maiores valores de Ao, DF/Fm', ETR, qP e NPQ nas medidas efetuadas a 35ºC. A presença da bactéria afetou a indução de Ao em ambas temperaturas, porém as diferenças em DF/Fm', ETR, qP e NPQ foram encontradas apenas a 35ºC. Esses resultados indicaram que o aumento da temperatura afetou o sistema planta-patógeno agravando as disfunções no metabolismo fotossintético das plantas com CVC. A menor fotossíntese de laranjeira 'Pêra' infectada pela X. fastidiosa é atribuída a menor condutância estomática, comprometimento de reações bioquímicas e aumento da atividade fotorrespiratória.
Title in English
Influence of temperature on photosynthesis of sweet orange 'Pêra' with citrus variegated chlorosis.
Keywords in English
citrus variegated chlorosis
photosynthesis
sweet orange
temperature
Abstract in English
The citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) has became a great problem for the Brazilian citriculture during the last ten years. CVC, caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, causes a strong decrease in production of infected plants. Higher severities of the disease have been reported in areas with water deficit, high atmospheric demand and high temperatures. Photosynthesis, which has direct relationship with plant productivity, is a physiological process affected by CVC. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of temperature upon photosynthesis of infected plants and to evaluate how the photosynthetic apparatus is affected by the presence of the bacterium. In order to achieve these objectives, two experiments (I and II) were carried out, using 9 months-old seedlings of sweet orange 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), grown in 3L plastic pots under greenhouse conditions. In experiment I, prior to measurements, healthy and infected plants were moved to a plant growth chamber and exposed to temperature regimes of 25/20 and 35/20ºC (day/night) during 7 days each, CO2 and O2 atmospheric concentrations, 14h photoperiod, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of 600mmol m-2 s-1 and air vapor pressure difference of about 1 kPa. Simultaneous measurements of leaf gas exchange [CO2 assimilation (A); transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs)] and chlorophyll fluorescence [potential (Fv/Fm) and effective (DF/Fm') quantum yield of photosystem II, apparent electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical (qP) and non-photochemical (NPQ) fluorescence quenching] were taken in intact leaves, at 25, 30, 35 and 40ºC. In experiment II, light curves of photosynthetic oxygen evolution (Ao), and curves of photosynthesis induction were carried out, with simultaneous measurements of Ao, DF/Fm', ETR, qP and NPQ in leaf discs, at 35 and 45ºC. In experiment I, infected plants shown decrease in A, E and gs, and the differences between healthy and infected plants were greater at 35/20ºC, where the largest values of A, E and gs were observed. These variables decreased with increasing temperature, reaching minimum values at 40ºC for both temperature regimes. In experiment I, no differences between healthy and infected plants regarding chlorophyll fluorescence variables were observed. However, Fv/Fm of infected plants was higher in all conditions. The three most influenced variables by temperature were DF/Fm', ETR and qP, whereas the two first decreased while the last increased with increasing temperature. Largest values of Fv/Fm, DF/Fm', ETR, qP and NPQ were registered at 35/20ºC, confirming that this temperature regime was more adequate to plant photosynthetic activity. In experiment II, healthy plants showed the largest values of Ao, DF/Fm', ETR, qP and NPQ at 35ºC. The presence of the bacterium affected Ao induction in both temperatures, however, differences in DF/Fm', ETR, qP and NPQ for healthy and infected plants were only found at 35ºC. Results from this study indicated that increase in temperature affected the plant-pathogen system, amplifying the malfunction of the photosynthetic metabolism of infected plants. The smallest photosynthetic rates of sweet orange 'Pêra' infected by X. fastidiosa were caused by low stomatal conductance, biochemical injuries and photorespiratory activity.
 
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Publishing Date
2002-10-16
 
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