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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.12.2015.tde-25032015-184049
Document
Author
Full name
Nobuiuki Costa Ito
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2015
Supervisor
Committee
Zylbersztajn, Decio (President)
Moraes, Márcia Azanha Ferraz Dias de
Nunes, Rubens
Saes, Maria Sylvia Macchione
Sztajn, Rachel
Title in Portuguese
Poder na formação do arranjo institucional do sistema agroindustrial citrícola paulista
Keywords in Portuguese
Agronegócio
Estratégia organizacional
Poder econômico
Abstract in Portuguese
O tema do poder economico nas relacoes verticais de uma cadeia de suprimento,frequentemente, apresenta-se como uma materia ambigua na teoria economica. Este tema que carrega tal ambiguidade e aspecto chave para analise e aplicacao da teoria economica em casos concretos do funcionamento da economia, em especial pelos orgaos de defesa economica ou antitruste. O caso do Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) citricola paulista apresenta muitos destas ambiguidades analiticas e, tambem, foi caso julgado pelo Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Economica (CADE), em pelo menos dois momentos importantes na evolucao de sua organizacao economica. O poder economico foi topico central destes julgamentos e, por isso, a pergunta de pesquisa desta tese e: o poder economico afeta a formacao do arranjo organizacional do SAG citricola paulista? Utilizando fundamentos teoricos na Economia dos Custos de Transacao (ECT), tanto do ramo de governanca quanto do ramo de custos de mensuracao, a tese analisa a transacao de compra e venda de laranja entre produtor citricola e processador de suco, em termos de: (1) formacao de contratos, isto e, do processo de selecao de termos do contrato; e (2) decisao de integracao vertical parcial para tras tomada pelos processadores de suco, os quais aumentam a producao agricola de seu insumo principal. Esta tese utiliza, para tanto, metodos mistos de pesquisa, pois este estudo de caso do SAG citricola paulista e acompanhado de uma analise econometrica acerca das decisoes de integracao vertical das firmas processadoras de suco. Dessa forma, a investigação empirica pode ser dividida em duas partes. A primeira parte utiliza analise de conteudo de contratos e documentos do CADE, a fim de indicar a influencia do poder economico dos processadores de suco sobre a selecao dos termos contratuais. Como achados principais desta parte, destaca-se que termos do contrato podem ser selecionados estrategicamente, com o objetivo de deixar lacunas contratuais e, consequentemente, direitos de propriedade naoespecificados,os quais podem ser consumidos sem pagamento marginal. Adicionalmente,indica-se que o CADE utilizou mecanismos diferentes para lidar com problemas de poder nas relacoes contratuais, em dois contextos historicos distintos do mesmo caso, demonstrando aprendizagem e melhoria dos remedios empregados. A segunda parte consiste em um modelo econometrico, enderecando os determinantes da integracao vertical parcial para tras dos processadores de suco. Evidencias econometricas indicam que a decisao do CADE em 1995 incentivou o aumento da integracao vertical em anos posteriores. O poder economico dos processadores de suco tambem aparece como determinante do aumento da integracao vertical.No entanto, estes efeitos foram concomitantes com efeitos de eficiencia em custos de transacao, dados por aumento de investimentos especificos na relacao. Assim, o balanceamento entre poder e eficiencia e topico central de analise da organizacao econômica do caso. A tese possui contribuicoes para o entendimento das relacoes estrategicas entre firmas, especialmente na relacao vertical entre o fornecedor de um insumo agricola e a industria de processamento de alimentos. As relacoes contratuais e o papel da integração vertical entre estes agentes tem implicacoes para adocao de estrategias competitivas e para a analise de defesa economica.
Title in English
Power in the formation of institutional arrangement of citrus sector in São Paulo state
Keywords in English
Agribusiness
Economic power
Organizational strategy
Abstract in English
Economic power in vertical relationships within a supply chain is, frequently, an ambiguous theme in economic theory. Notwithstanding, this ambiguous theme is a key element of applied economic analysis in real world cases, especially for antitrust offices. The citrus agribusiness system in Sao Paulo state presented several of these analytical ambiguities and, it was also target of antitrust adjudications, at least in two different and important periods of its organizational evolution. Economic power is a central issue on these adjudications and, therefore, the research question of this thesis is: is power affects the institutional arrangement formation in citrus sector? Using theoretical backgrounds on Transaction Costs Economics, both governance and measurement branches, I investigated the transaction of oranges between citrus growers and juice processor firms, in terms of: (1) contract definition, i.e. the contract terms selection process; and (2) make-or-buy decision, regarding the increasing partial and backward vertical integration of juice processor firms into orange production. This work uses mixed methods of investigation, because it is a case study combined with an econometric analysis of vertical integration path in the sector. Thus, the empirical investigation is constituted by two parts. The first one is a content analysis of contract and antitrust documents, in order to verify the influence of juice processor's economic power over contract terms selection. My main findings indicated that contract terms can be selected for the purpose of create contractual gaps and, consequently, attributes remain unspecified and consumed without any marginal payment. Additionally, Brazilian antitrust office used different kind of interventions in two distinct situations in the same case, which demonstrates improvements in the remedies to deal with contractual problems in vertical relationships. The second one consists in an econometric model to clarify the determinants of the backward partial vertical integration of juice processor. Econometric evidences suggest that antitrust intervention in 1995 is positively related to the increasing vertical integration in later period. Economic power also determined the increase in vertical integration, but efficiencies in transaction costs, in terms of relationship specific investments, is also a significant factor. Thus, economic power (strategizing) and economizing in transaction costs are not mutually exclusive and its trade offs would be the starting point for the economic analysis of this particular case. This thesis contributes to the understanding of strategic interaction of firms, especially the vertical relationships in the context of agribusiness sector (the organization of transactions between farmers and food processing industries). These contractual relationships and the role played by vertical integration in the orange juice sector have implications to competitive strategies and to antitrust analyses.
 
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Publishing Date
2015-04-06
 
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