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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.17.2023.tde-11042024-103743
Document
Author
Full name
Graziele Rodriguez Carlos Monteiro
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Ribeirão Preto, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Guimaraes, Elaine Aparecida Del Bel Belluz (President)
Oliveira, Rúbia Maria Monteiro Weffort de
Padovan Neto, Fernando Eduardo
Title in Portuguese
Influência de LPS e dos receptores Toll-like 4 na discinesia induzida por L-DOPA em camundongos hemiparkinsonianos
Keywords in Portuguese
Discinesia
Doença de Parkinson
LPS
Neuroinflamação
TLR4
Abstract in Portuguese
A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma desordem neurodegenerativa progressiva e incapacitante que afeta principalmente indivíduos com mais de 65 anos, e não tem cura. A morte dos neurônios dopaminérgicos da substância negra compacta e o acúmulo da proteína αsinucleína, são as principais características fisiopatológicas desta doença. O tratamento medicamentoso padrão-ouro da DP é feito com doses orais do precursor de dopamina, a L-DOPA. Apesar do tratamento ser efetivo para o alívio dos sintomas motores, não impede a morte progressiva dos neurônios dopaminérgicos e, a longo prazo, promove efeitos adversos irreversíveis. Dentre os efeitos colaterais decorrentes do uso crônico da L-DOPA, o mais perturbador é a manifestação de movimentos anormais involuntários (AIMs, de "abnormal involuntary movements"), chamados conjuntamente de discinesia induzida por L-DOPA (LID, de "L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia"). Em humanos, a LID é caracterizada por movimentos aleatórios do tipo coreia e balístico, que acomete os membros superiores, a mandíbula e o tronco, que gera profundo impacto na qualidade de vida do paciente. Uma vez instaurada, a LID volta a aparecer toda vez que o paciente faz uso da droga, no pico de concentração plasmática da L-DOPA. Nosso grupo mostrou em modelos de roedores com DP, que o tratamento crônico com L-DOPA promove resposta neuroinflamatória, com aumento de citocinas, espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e nitrogênio (como óxido nítrico), aumento da expressão de enzimas pró-inflamatórias (como COX-2 e iNOS), além de astrogliose e microgliose. Nesse sentido, os achados parecem ser componentes-chave para o estabelecimento, promoção e, possivelmente, tratamento da discinesia. Sabendo que o lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) é um agonista típico dos receptores Toll-like 4 (TLR4), e a ativação dos receptores TLR4 é importante para o início da resposta imunológica, o presente estudo visa correlacionar a neuroinflamação da LID, exacerbada por LPS, com a cascata de sinalização do TLR4. Utilizamos camundongos C57/BL estimulados com LPS i.p. um dia antes de iniciar o tratamento diário com de L-DOPA (i.p. 25 mg/kg + benserazida 10 mg/kg) por 15 dias. Nesses camundongos observamos significativo aumento dos escores de LID estimulado pelo prétratamento com LPS. Esses resultados indicam que há perspectivas promissoras a se investigar nesta cascata, sendo, todavia, inconclusivos para determinar se a sinalização de TLR4 é determinante ou não da manifestação da LID.
Title in English
Influence of LPS and Toll-like 4 receptors on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice
Keywords in English
Dyskinesia
LPS
Neuroinflammation
Parkinson's disease
TLR4
Abstract in English
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and disabling neurodegenerative disorder that mainly affects individuals over 65 years of age and currently has no cure. The death of neurons in the Substantia Negra Compacta and the generalized accumulation of the α-synuclein protein are the main pathophysiological characteristics of this disease. The gold standard drug treatment for PD is oral doses of the dopamine precursor, L-DOPA. Although the treatment is effective in relieving motor symptoms, it does not prevent the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in substantia negra, and, in addition, over time it promotes irreversible adverse effects, such as dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA (LID). Among the side effects caused by the chronic use of L-DOPA, the abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) is characterized by random movements of the chorea and ballistic type, which affects the upper limbs, jaw and trunk, with major impacts on the patient's quality of life. Once established, LID reappears every time the patient uses the drug, while L-DOPA is at its peak plasma concentration. Our research group has previously observed in mouse models of PD that, in addition to the brain injury, chronic treatment with L-DOPA promotes a typical neuroinflammatory response, with an increase in cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), increased expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes (such as COX-2 and iNOS), and also astrogliosis and microgliosis. In this context, these findings appear to be key components for the establishment, promotion and, possibly, treatment of dyskinesia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a typical Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, activates TLR4 receptors and iniciate innate immune responses. Therefore, our present study aims to correlate neuroinflammation with LID, which became more severe by LPS, with the TLR4 signaling cascade. To assess LID neuroinflammation through TLR4 signaling, we used C57/BL mice stimulated with LPS i.p. one day before starting the 15 daily single dose of 25 mg/kg of L-DOPA (i.p. and benserazide 10 mg/kg). In these mice, we observed a significant increase in LID scores, and TLR4 and MyD88 mild expression by western blot. These results are still inconclusive to determine whether TLR4 signaling is decisive or not for the manifestation of LID, but they indicate that there is still great perspective to be further investigated.
 
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Publishing Date
2024-07-15
 
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