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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.46.2014.tde-01102014-083929
Document
Author
Full name
Fábio Ferreira da Silva
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2014
Supervisor
Committee
Oliveira, Pedro Vitoriano de (President)
Abate, Gilberto
Freire, Renato Sanches
Quináglia, Gilson Alves
Rothschild, Lilian
Title in Portuguese
Avaliação da mobilidade de arsênio, cádmio, cromo, cobre, níquel, chumbo e zinco nos sedimentos da bacia do Rio Ribeira de Iguape
Keywords in Portuguese
Água intersticial
Arsênio
Chumbo
Mobilidade
Ribeira de Iguape
Rio Betari
Sedimentos
Zinco
Abstract in Portuguese
O trabalho teve como objetivo principal a determinação dos elementos As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn nas águas da coluna d'água, águas intersticiais e no digerido total e extratos de sedimentos da bacia do Rio Ribeira de Iguape com a finalidade de avaliar a mobilidade e contribuir no entendimento do risco ambiental que esses elementos estão provocando a esta bacia nos dias atuais. Métodos baseados em espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite e detecção simultânea (SIMAAS), espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) e espectrometria de massas com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS) foram desenvolvidos para as determinações dos elementos de interesse nas amostras. Os métodos desenvolvidos por ICP-MS, com o sistema de reação octopolar de terceira geração (ORS) para remoção de interferentes, foram os que atenderam todas as exigências em temos de sensibilidade e limites de detecção alcançados para todas as amostras analisadas. Foram coletadas 8 amostras de água da coluna d'água e sedimento ao longo da bacia do rio Ribeira de Iguape. Durante a coleta foram feitas determinações do pH, condutividade e OD nas amostras de água e pH e EH nas amostras de sedimento. As amostras de água foram preservadas em pH < 2, mantida a -20°C. No laboratório, antes das análises, as amostras de água foram filtradas em membrana 0,45 µm e determinadas no ICP-MS. As concentrações de As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn em todas as amostras de água foram muito baixas, podendo ser enquadradas nos critérios da Classe 1. As amostras de sedimento sem água intersticial foram secas a 50°C, moídas e submetidas às análises para determinações totais dos elementos. As amostras de sedimentos foram avaliadas segundo valores de TEL (Threshold Effect Level) e PEL (Probable Effect Level) do CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). Na amostra do ponto P5 de coleta, do Rio Betari, foram encontradas concentrações dos elementos acima do PEL. Esta amostra foi submetida a extrações sequenciais, seguindo os protocolos BCR e de Tessier, além de extração em fração única (EFU), com soluções de CaCl2, CH3COOH e EDTA. Nas águas intersticiais foram feitas as determinações dos elementos e na amostra do ponto P5 também análise de especiação de As por HPLC-ICP-MS. Foi encontrada concentrações relevantes de As(III) na água intersticial, que indicou a provável presença de HAsO2(aq), que pode ser confirmada pela medida de EH (-144 mV) do sedimento. As determinações totais na água da coluna d'água, água intersticial, no digerido e nos extratos do sedimento permitiram concluir que, embora a amostra do ponto P5, tenha apresentado elevadas concentrações de alguns dos elementos estudados (As, Pb e Zn), a mobilização da maior parte destes elementos só foi conseguida em condições químicas (HF, HNO3, HCl) e físicas muito drásticas, levando a concluir que estes elementos estão fortemente associados a matriz do sedimento e, portanto, não apresentam riscos aparente de contaminação da água
Title in English
Evaluation of the mobility of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sediment of the Ribeira de Iguape River Watershed
Keywords in English
Arsenic
Betari River
Interstitial water
Lead
Mobility
Ribeira de Iguape
Sediments
Zinc
Abstract in English
This work aimed the total As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn determination in samples of water column, pore water and total digested extracts river sediments from the Ribeira de Iguape watershed in order to evaluate the mobility and contribute to understanding of environmental risk that these elements are causing in this watershed nowadays. Methods based on simultaneous atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace (SIMAAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have been developed for elemental determination. The methods developed by ICP-MS, with the third generation octopolar reaction system (ORS) for interference removal, were those that met all the requirements in terms of sensitivity and detection limits achieved for all samples analyzed. 8 water samples from the water column and sediment along the Ribeira River watershed were collected. During sampling determinations of pH , conductivity and DO (Dissolved Oxygen) were made in water samples also pH and EH in the sediment samples. Water samples were preserved at pH < 2 and maintained at -20 °C. In laboratory, prior to analysis, water samples were filtered through 0.45 µm membrane and analyzed by ICP-MS. The As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in all water samples were very low, and may be framed to the Class 1 in Brazilian criteria of water quality. Sediment samples without pore water were dried at 50 °C, ground and subjected to analyzes for total element determinations. The sediment samples were evaluated according to values of TEL (Threshold Effect Level) and PEL (Probable Effect Level) from CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of t he Environment). In sediment sample collected at point P5, Betari River, element al concentrat ion was found above PEL. This sample was subjected to sequential extractions, following BCR and Tessier protocols beyond single fraction extractions with CaCl2 and EDTA CH3COOH solutions. Interstitial waters was analyzed for determinations of elements, also in the sample from point P5 the speciation analysis with HPLC-ICP-MS were made. The presence of relevant concent rations of As(III) was identified in the interstitial water that indicated the likely presence of HAsO2(aq), which can be confirmed by the EH (-144 mV) measurement of the sediment . The total water determinations in the water column, pore water, and digested in the sediment extracts showed that, although one sample at point P5, has shown high concentrations of some of the analyzed elements (As, Pb and Zn), the majority mobilization of these elements is achieved only in very drastic physical chemical conditions (HF, HNO3, HCl) and leading to the conclusion that these elements are strongly associated with the sediment matrix and therefore do not exhibit apparent risk of water contamination.
 
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Publishing Date
2014-11-07
 
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