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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.1900.tde-20240301-143604
Document
Author
Full name
Edgard Alberto Bitran
Institute/School/College
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 1972
Supervisor
Title in Portuguese
Considerações sobre prejuízos e preservação de café beneficiado armazenado, em função do ataque do caruncho do café Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer, 1775) (Coleoptera, Anthribidae)
Keywords in Portuguese
BENEFICIAMENTO
CAFÉ ARMAZENADO
CARUNCHO
PRESERVAÇÃO
Abstract in Portuguese
Ensaios de determinação de prejuízos em café beneficiado, causados pelo caruncho do café Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer, 1775) (Coleoptera, Anthribidae), foram executados em armazém do Instituto Brasileiro do Café, em Santos-SP. Nesses ensaios, procurou-se estudar o comportamento de sacos de papel kraft multifolhados (4, 5 e 6 folhas), comparativamente à sacaria de juta. As amostras de café ensacadas foram infestadas no interior de gaiolas teladas, sendo armazenadas por períodos de 6 e 9 meses. Em uma das gaiolas, apenas com sacos de juta, parte das amostras de café foi tratada com malatiom (8 p.p.m.). A umidade inicial dos grãos era, em média, de 13,2%. As condições ambientais no armazém, durante a experimentação, decorreram com umidade relativa, na maior parte, acima de 90%, sendo alta a temperatura nos últimos meses. O desenvolvimento de infestações e registro dos prejuízos ocasionados por esse antribídeo foram, também, determinados em frascos plásticos. Outros ensaios, elaborados em São Paulo, visaram estabelecer a ação residual dos produtos malatiom e Gardona sobre adultos de A. fasciculatus, biologicamente. Outrossim, realizaram-se experimentos de fumigação, tendo em vista o controle de todas as fases de desenvolvimento do caruncho do café, em embalagens de juta e de papel kraft multifolhadas (4, 5 e 6 folhas), com o emprego do brometo de metila e da fosfina, sob cobertura de envoltórios plásticos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos e discutidos, nas condições experimentais, foram estabelecidas as seguintes conclusões: - Houve uma correlação positiva e altamente significativa entre a porcentagem de perda de peso das amostras, a porcentagem de grãos carunchados e o número de carunchos presentes nas amostras. - Quanto ao nível dos prejuízos, ocorreu uma variação altamente significativa entre as amostras acondicionadas em sacos de juta e/ou de papel kraft multifolhados. As amostras contidas em embalagens de papel kraft multifolhadas foram menos danificadas. - Nos frascos, as amostras de café submetidas à maior infestação, foram mais acentuadamente avariadas. - As amostras de café, com e sem tratamento de malatiom, submetidas à ação da praga no interior da gaiola, não diferiram entre si em relação aos danos. - O caruncho do café não interferiu na alteração da cor dos grãos, sendo mantida a mesma bebida do café. - As embalagens de papel kraft multifolhadas (4, 5 e 6 folhas) do tipo valvulado, não impediram a penetração dos carunchos, tendo sido perfuradas. A perfuração pode dar-se de fora para dentro ou de dentro para fora. - Nos ensaios biológicos para avaliação da persistência residual do malatiom e da Gardona sobre a praga, os efeitos para contagens (após 3 e 9 dias), para dosagens (8 e 20 p.p.m.) e dias após tratamento (mensalmente, até sete meses), foram altamente significativos; não houve diferença significativa para efeitos dos produtos. - Do resultado da análise da variância efetuada para os ensaios biológicos, foram calculadas quatro linhas de regressão, todas de 1º grau, que representam a média dos produtos. - No controle de A. fasciculatus, não houve diferença nos resultados da fumigação de café beneficiado acondicionado em sacos de juta e de papel kraft multifolhados (4, 5 e 6 folhas). As dosagens de 0,50 g de p.a. de fosfina durante 48 horas e 0,40 g numa exposição de 72 horas, assim como a de 20 ml de brometo de metila num período de 24 horas, por m3 de câmara, exerceram 100% de controle sobre as formas imaturas da praga; o brometo de metila teve, também, na dosagem de 15 ml, um excelente comportamento nesse controle. Os dois fumigantes controlaram completamente os carunchos adultos, em todas as dosagens e períodos de exposição utilizados.
Abstract in English
Test to determine the damage to coffee caused by the coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer, 1775) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) were executed in the warehouse of the IBC “Brazilian Coffee lnstitute” in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. These tests were set up to study the durability of the kraft paper bags of various thickness (4, 5 & 6 ply) companying them with jute bags. The various samples of coffee in the bags were artificially infested inside screened cages and stored for periods of from 6 to 9 months. ln one of the caged areas using jute bags part of the coffee samples were treated with 8 ppm of malathion. The initial grain moisture in this experiment was 13,2%. The environmental conditions in the warehouse during the experiment were similar to the surrounding conditions with a relative humidity of above 90% most of the time. The development of the coffee bean weevil was also studied in plastic vials. Other tests were run to establish the residual action of malathion and Gardona on the biology of the adults of the coffee bean weevil. Other tests were carried out to test the fumigation on all stages of the weevils’ development in kraft bags (4, 5 & 6 ply) and jute bags. ln these tests methyl bromide and phosphine were used surrounded by a plastic barrier. According to the results obtained and discussed the following conclusion were reached: - There was a positive correlation which was highly significant between the percentage weight loss of the samples, the percentage of weevil damaged grains and the number of weevils present in the samples. - There was great variation in the level of damage which was highly significant between samples in jute bags and those of kraft paper bags of various plys. The samples contained in the kraft paper bags were much less damaged. - In the tests run in plastic vials the coffee samples which were most heavily infested with the coffee bean, weevil contained the most damaged. - The coffee samples both with and without the malathion which were submitted to the attack of the pest inside caged areas did not differ in relation to damage. - The coffee bean weevil did not interfere by altering the color of the coffee grains. The coffee (drink) made from damaged grains was the same as non-damaged grains. - The kraft paper bags (4, 5 & 6 ply) of a valvular type did not impede the penetration of the weevils since they found with perfurations. The perfurations were both from inside to outside and vice-versa. - Biological tests were conducted to evaluate the residual persistence of malathion and Gardona. Counts were made after 3 and 9 days after treatment for dosages of 8 and 20 ppm. Counts were also made monthly for 7 months. Highly significant results were obtained between the 2 levels of treatment however; there was not significant difference between the 2 products. - Analysis of variance of the results was run for the biological studies. Four lines of regression were calculated, all were class Nº 1 which represented the averages of the products. - In the control of A. fasciculatus, there was no difference in the results of fumigation between kraft paper bags and jute bags. The dosage of 0,50 g of phosphine for 48 hours and 0,40 g for 72 hours like that of 20 ml of methyl bromide over a period of 24 hours in a cubic meter chamber gave 100% control of the immature forms of the pest. Methyl bromide at the dosage of 15 ml also gave excellent control. The 2 fumigants completely controlled the adults of the coffee bean weevil at all dosages and exposure periods.
 
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